Lo más parecido que conozco a eso que comentas es desde el admdor de tareas , en procesos , boton derecho en el proceso en cuestion y Establecer prioridad :
tiempo real
Alta
arriba de lo normal
normal
debajo de lo normal
baja
Y respecto al ancho de banada , mirate los servicios QoS ...
Cita: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qos
Applications requiring QoS
A defined Quality of Service may be required for certain types of network traffic, for example:
streaming multimedia may require guaranteed throughput
IP telephony or Voice over IP (VOIP) may require strict limits on jitter and delay
Video Teleconferencing (VTC) requires low jitter
dedicated link emulation requires both guaranteed throughput and imposes limits on maximum delay and jitter
a safety-critical application, such as remote surgery may require a guaranteed level of availability (this is also called hard QoS).
These types of service are called inelastic, meaning that they
require a certain level of bandwidth to function - any more than required is unused, and any less will render the service non-functioning. By contrast, elastic applications can take advantage of however much or little bandwidth is available.